Pausanias´ Description of Greece - Παυσανίου Ελλάδος περιήγησις
Recogito Annotation
Book 7 — Chapter 7
English
7.7.1 When the Greeks no longer took concerted action, but each state acted for itself alone, the Achaeans enjoyed their greatest power. For except Pellene no Achaean city had at any time suffered from tyranny, while the disasters of war and of pestilence touched Achaia less than any other part of Greece. So we have what was called the Achaean League, and the Achaeans had a concerted policy and carried out concerted actions.
7.7.2 As a place of assembly they resolved to have Aegium, for, after Helice had been swallowed up by the sea, Aegium from of old surpassed in reputation the other cities of Achaia, while at the time it enjoyed great power. Of the remaining Greeks the Sicyonians were the first to join the Achaean League, and after the Sicyonians there entered it yet other Peloponnesians, some forthwith and others after an interval. Some too who lived outside the Isthmus were persuaded to join the Achaean League by its unbroken growth in power.
7.7.3 Alone among the Greeks the Lacedemonians were the bitter enemies of the Achaeans and openly carried on war against them. Pellene, a city of the Achaeans, was captured by Agis, the son of Eudamidas, who was king at Sparta; but he was immediately driven out by the Sicyonians under Aratus. Cleomenes, the son of Leonidas, the son of Cleonymus, king of the other royal house, won a decisive victory at Dyme over the Sicyonians under Aratus, who attacked him, and afterwards concluded a peace with the Achaeans and Antigonus.
7.7.4 This Antigonus at the time ruled over the Macedonians, being the guardian of Philip, the son of Demetrius, who was still a boy. He was also a cousin of Philip, whose mother he had taken to wife. With this Antigonus then and the Achaeans Cleomenes made peace, and immediately broke all the oaths he had sworn by reducing to slavery Megalopolis, the city of the Arcadians. Because of Cleomenes and his treachery the Lacedemonians suffered the reverse at Sellasia, where they were defeated by the Achaeans under Antigonus. In my account of Arcadia I shall again have occasion to mention Cleomenes.
7.7.5 When Philip, the son of Demetrius, reached man's estate, and Antigonus without reluctance handed over the sovereignty of the Macedonians, he struck fear into the hearts of all the Greeks. He copied Philip, the son of Amyntas, who was not his ancestor but really his master, especially by flattering those who were willing to betray their country for their private advantage. At banquets he would give the right hand of friendship offering cups filled not with wine but with deadly poison, a thing which I believe never entered the head of Philip the son of Amyntas, but poisoning sat very lightly on the conscience of Philip the son of Demetrius.
7.7.6 He also occupied with garrisons three towns to be used as bases against Greece, and in his insolent contempt for the Greek people he called these cities the keys of Greece. To watch Peloponnesus Corinth was fortified with its acropolis; to watch Euboea, the Boeotians and the Phocians, Chalcis on the Euripus; against the Thessalians themselves and the Aetolian people Philip occupied Magnesia at the foot of Mount Pelium. The Athenians especially and the Aetolians he harried with continual attacks and raids of bandits.
7.7.7 Already, in my account of Attica I have described the alliances of Greeks and barbarians with the Athenians against Philip, and how the weakness of their allies urged the Athenians to seek help from Rome. A short time before, the Romans had sent a force ostensibly to help the Aetolians against Philip, but really more to spy on the condition of Macedonia.
7.7.8 At the appeal of Athens the Romans despatched an army under Otilius, to give him the name by which he was best known. For the Romans differ from the Greeks in their being called, not by the names of their fathers, but by three names at least, if not more, given to each man. Otilius had received orders from the Romans to protect Athenians and Aetolians from war with Philip.
7.7.9 Otilius carried out his orders up to a point, but displeased the Romans in certain of his acts. Hestiaea in Euboea and Anticyra in Phocis, which had been compelled to submit to Philip, he utterly destroyed. It was, I think, for this reason that the senate, when they heard the news, sent Flamininus to succeed Otilius in his command.
Ancient Greek
7.7.1 Ἑλλήνων δὲ οὐ τασσομένων τηνικαῦτα ἔτι ἐν κοινῷ, ἰδίᾳ δὲ ἑκάστων κατὰ σφᾶς συνισταμένων, οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ μάλιστα ἴσχυον: τυράννων τε γὰρ πλὴν Πελλήνης αἱ ἄλλαι πόλεις τὸν χρόνον ἅπαντα ἀπείρως ἐσχήκεσαν αἵ τε ἐκ πολέμων καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς νόσου συμφοραὶ τῆς λοιμώδους οὐκ ἐς τοσοῦτο Ἀχαιοῖς ἐφ᾽ ὅσον τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐγένοντο Ἕλλησι. συνέδριόν τε οὖν Ἀχαϊκὸν καλούμενον καὶ ἀπὸ κοινοῦ λόγου βουλεύματά τε ἦν Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ τὰ ἔργα.
7.7.2 ἀθροίζεσθαι δὲ ἐς Αἴγιόν σφισιν ἔδοξεν: αὕτη γὰρ μετὰ Ἑλίκην ἐπικλυσθεῖσαν πόλεων ἐν Ἀχαΐᾳ τῶν ἄλλων δόξῃ προεῖχεν ἐκ παλαιοῦ καὶ ἴσχυεν ἐν τῷ τότε. Ἑλλήνων δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν Σικυώνιοι συνεδρίου πρῶτοι τοῦ Ἀχαιῶν μετέσχον, μετὰ δὲ Σικυωνίους ἐσῄεσαν ἤδη καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Πελοποννησίων οἱ μὲν αὐτίκα, οἱ δὲ χρόνον τινὰ ἐπισχόντες: τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἐκτὸς οἰκοῦντας τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ συντελεῖν ἐς Ἀχαιοὺς ἔπειθεν, ὅτι ἐς πλέον ἰσχύος προϊὸν ἑώρων ἀεὶ τὸ Ἀχαϊκόν.
7.7.3 Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ Ἑλλήνων μόνοι διάφοροί τε Ἀχαιοῖς τὰ μάλιστα ἦσαν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ πόλεμόν σφισιν ἐπῆγον. Πελλήνην μέν γε Ἀχαιῶν πόλιν Ἆγις εἷλεν ὁ Εὐδαμίδου βασιλεύων ἐν τῇ Σπάρτῃ, καὶ ἐξέπεσεν αὐτίκα ἐκ Πελλήνης ὑπὸ Ἀράτου καὶ Σικυωνίων: Κλεομένης δὲ ὁ Λεωνίδου τοῦ Κλεωνύμου, βασιλεὺς οἰκίας τῆς ἑτέρας, ἀντικαθημένους Ἄρατον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς πρὸς Δύμῃ παρὰ πολύ τε ἐκράτησεν ἐλθόντας ἐς χεῖρας καὶ ὕστερον Ἀχαιοῖς καὶ Ἀντιγόνῳ συνέθετο εἰρήνην.
7.7.4 Ἀντίγονος δὲ οὗτος τηνικαῦτα ἀρχὴν τὴν Μακεδόνων εἶχεν, ἐπιτροπεύων Φίλιππον τὸν Δημητρίου παῖδα ἔτι ἡλικίαν ὄντα: ἦν δὲ καὶ ἀνεψιὸς τῷ Φιλίππῳ καὶ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ συνῴκει. πρὸς τοῦτον οὖν τὸν Ἀντίγονον καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς ποιησάμενος ὁ Κλεομένης σπονδὰς καὶ αὐτίκα παραβὰς ὅσα ὤμοσεν ἠνδραποδίσατο Ἀρκάδων Μεγάλην πόλιν: Λακεδαιμονίοις τε τὸ ἐν Σελλασίᾳ πταῖσμα πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Ἀντίγονον Κλεομένους ἕνεκα καὶ ἐπιορκίας τῆς ἐκείνου συνέβη. Κλεομένους μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις ἐν λόγοις τοῖς Ἀρκαδικοῖς ἀφιξόμεθα ἐς μνήμην:
7.7.5 Φίλιππος δὲ ὁ Δημητρίου τὴν Μακεδόνων ἀρχήν, ὡς ἀφίκετο ἐς ἄνδρας, παρὰ ἑκόντος Ἀντιγόνου λαβὼν φόβον τοῖς πᾶσιν Ἕλλησιν ἐνεποίησε, τὰ Φιλίππου τοῦ Ἀμύντου, προγόνου μὲν οὐκ ὄντος αὐτῷ, τῷ δὲ ἀληθεῖ λόγῳ δεσπότου, τά τε ἄλλα αὐτοῦ μιμούμενος καὶ τὰ ἐς θεραπείαν ὅσοις πατρίδας ἀρεστὰ ἦν ἐπ᾽ οἰκείοις προδιδόναι κέρδεσι. προπίνειν δὲ παρὰ τὰ συμπόσια ἐπὶ δεξιότητι καὶ φιλίᾳ κύλικας οὐκ οἴνου, φαρμάκων δὲ ἐς ὄλεθρον ἀνθρώποις, ἃ δὴ ὁ μὲν τοῦ Ἀμύντου Φίλιππος οὐδ᾽ ἐπενόησεν ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν ἀρχήν, Φιλίππῳ δὲ τῷ Δημητρίου τὰ φάρμακα τόλμημα ἦν ἐλαφρότατον.
7.7.6 κατεῖχε δὲ καὶ τρεῖς πόλεις φρουραῖς ὁρμητήρια εἶναί οἱ κατὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, καὶ ὠνόμαζε δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ὑπεροψίας κλεῖς τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὰς πόλεις ταύτας: ἐπὶ μέν γε Πελοποννήσῳ Κόρινθος καὶ ἡ Κορινθίων ἀκρόπολις ἐτετείχιστο, ἐπὶ δὲ Εὐβοίᾳ καὶ Βοιωτοῖς τε καὶ Φωκεῦσι Χαλκὶς ἡ πρὸς τῷ Εὐρίπῳ, κατὰ δὲ Θεσσαλῶν τε αὐτῶν καὶ τοῦ Αἰτωλῶν ἔθνους Μαγνησίαν τὴν ὑπὸ τὸ Πήλιον κατεῖχεν ὁ Φίλιππος. μάλιστα δὲ Ἀθηναίους καὶ τὸ Αἰτωλικὸν ἐπιστρατείαις τε συνεχέσιν ἐπίεζε καὶ λῃστῶν καταδρομαῖς:
7.7.7 ἐμνημόνευσε δέ μοι καὶ πρότερον ὁ λόγος ἐν τῇ Ἀτθίδι συγγραφῇ, ὅσοι τε Ἑλλήνων ἢ βαρβάρων ἐναντία Φιλίππου συνήραντο Ἀθηναίοις καὶ ὡς ὑπὸ ἀσθενείας τῶν συμμάχων ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίους καὶ ἐπικουρίαν τὴν ἐκεῖθεν κατέφευγον οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι. Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ἐπεπόμφεσαν καὶ οὐ πολλῷ τινι ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ μὲν ἐπικουρήσοντας Αἰτωλοῖς ἐναντία Φιλίππου, τῷ δὲ ἔργῳ μᾶλλόν τι ἐπὶ κατασκοπῇ τῶν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ πραγμάτων:
7.7.8 τότε δὲ ἀποστέλλουσιν Ἀθηναίοις στρατιάν τε καὶ ἡγεμόνα Ὀτίλιον: τοῦτο γάρ οἱ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἦν τὸ ἐκδηλότατον, ἐπεὶ καλοῦνταί γε οὐ πατρόθεν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι κατὰ ταὐτὰ Ἕλλησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τρία ὁπότε ὀλίγιστα καὶ ἔτι πλέονα ὀνόματα ἑκάστῳ τίθενται. τῷ δὲ Ὀτιλίῳ προσετέτακτο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἀπείργειν ἀπὸ Ἀθηναίων καὶ τοῦ Αἰτωλικοῦ τὸν Φιλίππου πόλεμον.
7.7.9 Ὀτίλιος δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τοῖς πράγμασι κατὰ τὰ ἐπιτεταγμένα ἐχρῆτο, τάδε δὲ οὐ κατὰ γνώμην οἱ τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἐστὶν εἰργασμένα: Εὐβοέων γὰρ Ἑστίαιαν πόλιν καὶ Ἀντίκυραν τὴν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι ἑλών, ὑπηκόους κατ᾽ ἀνάγκην οὔσας Φιλίππου, ἐποίησεν ἀναστάτους. καὶ τοῦδε ἕνεκα ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, ἐπεὶ ἐπύθετο ἡ βουλή, ἀποστέλλουσιν Ὀτιλίῳ διάδοχον τῆς ἀρχῆς Φλαμίνιον.